Visual inspection can reveal a great deal about a tree's health and structural integrity, but some of the most critical information lies beneath the bark. Internal decay, hidden cavities, and compromised wood structure are invisible from the outside until they cause failure. When a Level 2 visual assessment cannot answer the question on its own, Sylva Environmental turns to advanced diagnostic technology to measure what is happening inside the tree. These tools give us objective, repeatable data that supports accurate risk ratings, defensible reports, and confident retention or removal decisions.
Our advanced diagnostic toolkit includes:
- Resistograph micro-drilling. Maps internal wood density along a drilling path to pinpoint decay, cavities, and reduced wall thickness.
- Thermal imaging. Detects temperature and moisture anomalies that can reveal hidden decay, cavities, and active defects without touching the tree.
- Arbotom sonic tomography. Builds a cross-sectional image of the trunk using sound waves to visualize the extent and location of internal decay.
- Invasive boring testing. Targeted core and increment sampling to confirm wood condition, decay type, and growth history where a physical sample is required.
We select the right method, or combination of methods, for each tree and each question. The sections below explain how each diagnostic works and when we use it.
Resistograph Micro-Drilling
How the Resistograph Works
The resistograph operates by driving a thin, flexible steel needle (approximately 3mm in diameter) through the trunk of a tree at a controlled speed. As the needle penetrates the wood, sensors measure the resistance encountered at each point along the drilling path. Sound, dense wood produces high resistance readings, while decayed, hollow, or compromised wood produces significantly lower readings. The result is a continuous graph that maps the density profile across the entire cross-section of the trunk at the drilling point.
The drilling needle is so thin that it causes negligible damage to the tree. The entry hole is comparable in size to a small nail hole and seals naturally through the tree's compartmentalization process. This makes resistograph testing a truly non-destructive diagnostic method, unlike core sampling or other invasive techniques that remove larger amounts of wood tissue.
Reading the Output Graph
The resistograph produces a printed or digital graph that shows wood density as a continuous waveform. On a healthy tree, the graph displays relatively consistent high-amplitude readings across the full diameter, with slight natural variations corresponding to growth rings. The arborist interprets the graph by looking for specific patterns that indicate problems.
- Sharp drops in amplitude. A sudden decrease in resistance indicates a zone of decay or reduced wood density. The depth and width of the drop correspond to the location and extent of the decayed area within the trunk.
- Flat-line sections near zero. A section of the graph that drops to near-zero resistance indicates a cavity or void inside the tree. The tree has lost its structural wood in that area entirely.
- Gradual decline in amplitude. A progressive reduction in resistance across a section may indicate diffuse decay that has not yet formed a distinct cavity but has significantly weakened the wood.
- Asymmetric profiles. When multiple drill paths are taken around the circumference of the trunk, comparing the graphs reveals whether decay is localized to one side or distributed throughout the cross-section. This information is critical for assessing structural stability and predicting failure direction.
When to Use Resistograph Testing
Resistograph testing is most valuable when visual inspection alone cannot provide sufficient information to make a management decision. Common situations include the following.
Tree Risk Assessments
When a Level 2 visual assessment identifies potential internal decay (such as fungal fruiting bodies, old pruning wounds, or cavities) but the extent of the decay is unknown, resistograph testing provides the quantitative data needed to assign an accurate risk rating. The presence of a conk (fungal bracket) on a trunk, for example, confirms that decay is present. But without internal testing, the arborist cannot determine whether 10% or 80% of the cross-section is compromised. This distinction fundamentally changes the risk rating and the recommended management action.
Pre-construction Assessments
Developers and municipalities often need to determine whether specific trees can be safely retained during construction. A tree that appears healthy from the outside may have significant internal decay that makes it unsuitable for retention near new structures. Resistograph testing provides the evidence needed to make these retention decisions with confidence, protecting both the developer from liability and the public from potential tree failure.
Insurance Claims
After a tree failure event, resistograph testing of the remaining stump or adjacent trees can provide evidence about the pre-existing condition of the failed tree. This data can be relevant to insurance claims, liability disputes, and determining whether the failure was foreseeable. Testing adjacent trees of the same species and age can also reveal whether they share similar decay patterns and may represent ongoing risk.
Heritage and High-value Tree Management
For trees with significant heritage, ecological, or aesthetic value, resistograph testing helps develop long-term management plans. Rather than recommending removal based on the presence of some decay, the data allows arborists to monitor the progression of decay over time and implement targeted interventions such as crown reduction, cabling, or bracing to extend the tree's functional lifespan.
Advantages over Visual Inspection Alone
Visual inspection is the foundation of all tree risk assessment, but it has inherent limitations when it comes to internal conditions. A tree can have extensive internal decay while maintaining a perfectly healthy-looking crown and intact bark. Conversely, a tree may display external symptoms that suggest significant internal problems when the actual internal condition is acceptable. Resistograph testing eliminates guesswork by providing objective, repeatable measurements.
The data is also defensible in professional and legal contexts. A resistograph graph is a physical record that can be included in reports, shared with other professionals, and referenced in future assessments. This level of documentation exceeds what visual assessment alone can provide and demonstrates the highest standard of professional care.
How Resistograph Data Informs Management Decisions
The percentage of sound wood remaining in a trunk cross-section is one of the most important factors in determining structural adequacy. Research has established threshold values for residual wall thickness relative to trunk diameter. When a tree falls below these thresholds, the risk of trunk failure increases significantly. Resistograph data allows arborists to calculate these values precisely rather than estimating them from external observations.
Based on the findings, management recommendations may include continued monitoring with periodic retesting, risk mitigation through crown reduction to decrease wind loading, installation of support systems such as cables or braces, target removal (eliminating the targets rather than the tree), or tree removal when the risk cannot be adequately mitigated through other means. The key advantage is that these recommendations are supported by measurable data rather than subjective judgment alone.
Thermal Imaging
Thermal (infrared) imaging is a completely non-contact diagnostic method. Using a calibrated thermal camera, we capture the surface temperature distribution across a trunk, branch union, or root flare. Wood, water, and air all hold and release heat differently, so areas of internal decay, hidden cavities, trapped moisture, and active fungal activity often appear as distinct temperature anomalies that are invisible to the naked eye.
Because no drilling or probing is involved, thermal imaging is ideal as a rapid first-pass screening tool, for sensitive heritage trees where any wound should be avoided, and for surveying larger numbers of trees efficiently. When the thermal scan flags an area of concern, we follow up with a targeted resistograph reading or sonic tomography to quantify exactly what is happening inside. Thermal imaging is also useful for assessing recent fire damage, frost cracks, and the extent of bark or cambium injury.
Arbotom Sonic Tomography
Sonic tomography produces a visual cross-sectional map of the inside of a trunk. Using the Arbotom system, we attach a ring of sensors around the trunk and introduce a small sound pulse at each point. Sound travels quickly through sound, dense wood and slowly through decayed wood, cavities, and cracks. By measuring the travel time between every pair of sensors, the software reconstructs a colour-coded tomogram showing the location, shape, and extent of internal defects across the entire cross-section.
The result is one of the most complete pictures available of a tree's internal condition without removing any wood. Sonic tomography is particularly valuable for high-value, heritage, and high-target trees where an accurate map of residual sound wood is needed to make a defensible retention decision. We frequently pair it with resistograph micro-drilling: the tomogram shows the overall pattern of decay, while the resistograph confirms exact wood density along specific paths.
Invasive Boring Testing
Some questions can only be answered by examining a physical sample of the wood itself. Invasive boring testing uses an increment borer or targeted core sampling to extract a thin cylinder of wood from the trunk. This allows direct examination of the wood structure, confirmation of the type and stage of decay, identification of the responsible fungi, and analysis of growth rings to understand the tree's history and growth rate.
Because it removes a small amount of tissue, boring is the most invasive of our diagnostic methods, so we use it selectively, typically to confirm or ground-truth findings from the non-invasive tools above, or where laboratory confirmation of a decay organism is required. Every sampling location is chosen to minimize impact, and entry points are kept small so the tree can compartmentalize the wound naturally.